Overcoming the rate–distance limit of quantum key distribution without quantum repeaters

By Marco Lucamarini, Zhiliang Yuan, James F. Dynes, Andrew J. Shields. Nature, 2018

1,111 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Quantum key distribution (QKD)1,2 allows two distant parties to share encryption keys with security based on physical laws. Experimentally, QKD has been implemented via optical means, achieving key rates of 1.26 megabits per second over 50 kilometres of standard optical fibre3 and of 1.16 bits per hour over 404 kilometres of ultralow-loss fibre in a measurement-device-independent configuration4. Increasing the bit rate and range of QKD is a formidable, but important, challenge. A related target, which is currently considered to be unfeasible without quantum repeaters5–7, is overcoming the fundamental rate–distance limit of QKD8. This limit defines the maximum possible secret key rate that two parties can distil at a given distance using QKD and is quantified by the secret-key capacity of the quantum channel9 that connects the parties. Here we introduce an alternative scheme for QKD whereby pairs of phase-randomized optical fields are first generated at two distant locations and then combined at a central measuring station. Fields imparted with the same random phase are ‘twins’ and can be used to distil a quantum key. The key rate of this twin-field QKD exhibits the same dependence on distance as does a quantum repeater, scaling with the square-root of the channel transmittance, irrespective of who (malicious or otherwise) is in control of the measuring station. However, unlike schemes that involve quantum repeaters, ours is feasible with current technology and presents manageable levels of noise even on 550 kilometres of standard optical fibre. This scheme is a promising step towards overcoming the rate–distance limit of QKD and greatly extending the range of secure quantum communications. Twin optical fields enable a form of quantum key distribution that can exceed the secret-key capacity without using quantum repeaters and that has security independent of the measuring devices.

Subfields: Artificial Intelligence, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0da7787e573e7e91dbbea1cb77c7b8c13e5a775e

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In Artificial Intelligence

In Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics

Citations in the corpus

Advances in quantum cryptography (2019, neutral): “[183].”
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors for quantum information (2020, background): “[49] Lucamarini M, Yuan Z L, Dynes J F & Shields A J.”
Twin-field quantum key distribution over 830-km fibre (2019, methodology): “By exploiting the Z and X bases of BB84 encoding [13]”
Micius quantum experiments in space (2022, background): “…frequency metrology [comparison of distant clocks (Takano et al., 2016)], quantum communications [synchronization of quantum phases for wide areas (Lucamarini et al., 2018)], geophysics [mapping of the gravitational potential of Earth (Mehlstäubler et al., 2018)], and potential applications in…”