Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm

By Takashi Kikuchi, K. Hashimoto, K. Nozaki. 2008

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Sq and EEJ—A Review on the Daily Variation of the Geomagnetic Field Caused by Ionospheric Dynamo Currents (2017, unknown): “During geomagnetically active periods, a counter electrojet is sometimes caused by the penetration of the polar-region electric field to equatorial latitudes (Rastogi and Patel 1975; Rastogi 1977, 1997; Kikuchi et al. 2003, 2008).”
A physical mechanism of positive ionospheric storms at low latitudes and midlatitudes (2010, background): “This caused repeated occurrence of eastward PPEF (Figure 1a) during the morning‐noon MP [Fejer et al., 2007; Kikuchi et al., 2008 ].”
Low‐latitude ionosphere response to super geomagnetic storm of 17/18 March 2015: Results from a chain of ground‐based observations over Indian sector (2015, background): “, IMF Bz), from a steady northward configuration, produces a dawn to dusk convection electric field at high latitudes resulting in an undershielding condition [Somayajulu et al., 1987; Huang et al., 2005; Kikuchi et al., 2008].”
Fast and ultrafast Kelvin wave modulations of the equatorial evening F region vertical drift and spread F development (2014, background): “…storm time electric fields are considered: (1) the prompt penetration electric field that occurs during a sub-storm development and short-term recovery phases (e.g. Kikuchi et al. 2008) and (2) the disturbance dynamo electric field that occurs during recovery phase of a storm (Fejer et al. 2008).”