Fission–fusion social systems as a strategy for coping with ecological constraints: a primate case

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Fissioning minimizes ranging costs in spider monkeys: a multiple-level approach (2009, unknown): “Ranging costs seem to force chimpanzees and spider monkeys to break up into smaller subgroups, allowing them to occur in habitats that would otherwise not be able to sustain them in their typically minimum viable community size (Korstjens et al. 2006; Lehmann et al. 2007).”
Social and ecological determinants of fission-fusion dynamics in the spotted hyaena (2008, background): “As in other animal societies characterized by FF dynamics (Kummer 1971; Chapman et al. 1995; van Schaik 1999; Lusseau et al. 2004; Lehmann et al. 2007; Aureli et al., in press), the flexible FF structure of Crocuta clans permits individuals to adjust grouping patterns in response to fluctuations in…”
Socioecological adaptations by chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, inhabiting an anthropogenically impacted habitat (2012, background): “It has been suggested that themain benefit from adopting a fissionefusion society specifically derives from its effects on moving time (Korstjens et al. 2006; Lehmann et al. 2007), and in chimpanzees and spidermonkeys (Ateles spp.) reducedmoving time diminished energy demands and feeding time.”