Emoticons and Online Message Interpretation

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Emojis as Tools for Emotion Work: Communicating Affect in Text Messages (2017, background): “In agreement with Derks et al.’s (2008) and Skovholt et al.’s (2014) results using face emojis, these results using nonface emojis suggest that while an emoji can increase the level of positive affect in a reader’s interpretation, it cannot change the valence of the message itself.”
Association Between Social Networks and Subjective Well-Being in Adolescents: A Systematic Review (2020, background): “The use of emoticons and memes has made textbased online communication more emotionally similar to the experience of offline communications (Derks et al., 2008).”
Identifying Sarcasm in Twitter: A Closer Look (2011, background): “…show that non-linguistic cues such as emoticons are helpful in interpreting non-literal meaning such as sarcasm and irony in user generated content (Derks et al., 2008; Carvalho et al., 2009), we explored how much emoticons help humans to distinguish sarcas-tic from positive and negative tweets.”
A Systematic Review of Emoji: Current Research and Future Perspectives (2019, background): “Emoji use is structured by a combination of linguistic and social contexts, as well as cultural conventions (Derks et al., 2008a; Park et al., 2013), and is inﬂuenced by many factors, such as cultural background, living environment, language environment and user group.”