Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement.

By P. Ludewig, T. Cook. Physical Therapy, 2000

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Ambulatory measurement of shoulder and elbow kinematics through inertial and magnetic sensors (2008, background): “[11] showed that an electromagnetic sensor positioned on the skin over the acromion can measure scapula kinematics up to 120 of humeral elevation, with an accuracy suitable for clinical applications [13].”
Anatomical and biomechanical mechanisms of subacromial impingement syndrome. (2003, background): “Weak or dysfunctional scapular musculature (Ludewig and Cook, 2000; McQuade et al., 1998; Pascoal et al., 2000), fatigue of the infraspinatus and teres minor (Tsai, 1998), and changes in thoracic and cervical spine posture (Kebaetse et al., 1999; Ludewig and Cook, 1996; Wang et al., 1999) have all…”
Shoulder function: the perfect compromise between mobility and stability. (2007, background): “The SHR has been shown to deviate from normal in subjects with impingement syndrome (Ludewig and Cook, 2000; McClure et al., 2004), but whether this is cause of, consequence of, or a contingent adaptation to the existing complaints is still under debate (McCully et al.”
Complete 3D kinematics of upper extremity functional tasks. (2008, background): “It comprises a large compensation component in pathologies such as frozen shoulder [15], impingement [16], or glenohumeral joint replacement [10].”