Using Residential Electric Loads for Fast Demand Response: The Potential Resource and Revenues, the Costs, and Policy Recommendations

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Aggregate Flexibility of Thermostatically Controlled Loads (2015, background): “Table II describes the parameters and their typical values for a residential AC [24].”
Improved battery models of an aggregation of Thermostatically Controlled Loads for frequency regulation (2013, background): “T OFF ; where T ON and T OFF are given by T ON = RCln r+ a+ RPm r a+ RPm ; 1Four types of TCLs are: (i) air conditioners, (ii) heat pumps, (iii) water heaters, and (iv) refrigerators. See [18], [23] for more details. 3 TABLE I TYPICAL PARAMETER VALUES FOR A RESIDENTIAL AIR CONDITIONER. Parameter Des”
Business models for distributed energy resources: A review and empirical analysis (2017, background): “However, the technical requirements of coordinating very fast responses from residential loads has limited the majority of the business models in the archetype to providing only capacity and secondary reserves [40].”