Formation mechanism of carbogenic nanoparticles with dual photoluminescence emission.

By Marta J. Krysmann, A. Kelarakis, P. Dallas, E. Giannelis. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2012

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Luminescence origin of carbon based dots obtained from citric acid and amino group-containing molecules (2017, background): “In particular, citric acid (CA) coupled with some amino group-containing small molecules, such as L-cysteine [15], glycine [15], ethanolamine [16], thiourea and ethylenediamine [17,18], are believed to be the most suitable precursors to synthesize high photoluminescent CDs.”
On the Emission Properties of Carbon Dots: Reviewing Data and Discussing Models (2019, background): “As a result, the higher the reaction temperature, the larger the carbogenic core; on the contrary, the lower the temperature, the larger the content of organic fluorophore and the greater the fluorescence intensity/QY [44,46,47].”