Maternal and Fetal Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axes During Pregnancy and Postpartum

By G. Mastorakos, I. Ilias. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2003

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The effect of new alpha males on female stress in free-ranging baboons (2005, background): “Thus, pregnancy is a transient period of relative hypercortisolism (Taylor 2001; Mastorakos & Ilias 2003).”
Why do we respond so differently? Reviewing determinants of human salivary cortisol responses to challenge. (2009, background): “somewhat elevated free cortisol levels (McLean et al., 1995; Mastorakos and Ilias, 2003; de Weerth and Buitelaar, 2005; Lindsay and Nieman, 2005).”
The long-term behavioural consequences of prenatal stress. (2008, unknown): “Circulating levels of cortisol also gradually increase during a normal pregnancy reaching 2–3 times higher concentrations in the last trimester than those in non-pregnantwomen (Mastorakos and Ilias, 2003).”
The Timing of Prenatal Exposure to Maternal Cortisol and Psychosocial Stress is Associated with Human Infant Cognitive Development (2010, background): “Maternal cortisol increases two- to four-fold over the course of normal gestation (Mastorakos & Ilias, 2003; Sandman et al., 2006).”
The effects of sex and hormonal status on the physiological response to acute psychosocial stress. (2006, background): “During pregnancy, there are major changes in the physiology of the HPAA (Mastorakos and Ilias, 2003; Lindsay and Nieman, 2005; de Weerth and Buitelaar, 2005).”