The resistance of varroa mites (Acari: Varroidae) to acaricides and the presence of esterase

By D. Sammataro, P. Untalan, F. Guerrero, J. Finley. 2005

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High Levels of Miticides and Agrochemicals in North American Apiaries: Implications for Honey Bee Health (2010, background): “It is generally agreed that the mite, Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman, is playing a key role in the demise of honey bee health, and that intensive use of miticides for their control has led to evolution of wide-spread mite resistance among European strains of honey bees [72–75].”
Characteristics of honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) in Sweden surviving Varroa destructor infestation (2011, background): “Chemical residues can build up in hive products (Bogdanov et al. 1998; Wallner 1999); mites can develop resistance to effective acaricides (Sammataro et al. 2005); some methods cause damage to bees (Imdorf et al. 1990, 1999; Charrièr and Imdorf 2002), but most importantly, they remove the selective…”
Biology and control of Varroa destructor. (2010, background): “destructor became resistant to fluvalinate (Milani, 1994) through metabolic and/or target site desensitivity (Sammataro et al., 2005).”
Acaricide resistance mechanisms in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and other important Acari: a review. (2010, unknown): “Also, the observed cross resistance between unrelated acaricides such as fluvalinate, coumaphos and amitraz leads one to suspect that resistance is metabolic (Elzen et al., 1998; Sammataro et al., 2005).”