Reference cycles: the NBER methodology revisited

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Determining the Number of Factors in Approximate Factor Models (2000, background): “Forni et al. (2000a) and Stock and Watson (1998) considered the method for large T .”
Estimating cross-section common stochastic trends in nonstationary panel data (2004, methodology): “Consequently, factor models are used in studying world business cycles as in Gregory and Head (1999), and area-wide business cycles as in Forni and Reichlin (1998) and Forni et al. (2000b).”
A parametric estimation method for dynamic factor models of large dimensions (2009, methodology): “…of Chamberlain and Rotschild (1983), the subsequent literature has constrained the idiosyncratic errors non-parametrically, by imposing moment restrictions and/or constraints on the eigenvalues of their variance–covariance matrix (see, e.g. Stock and Watson, 2001, 2002 or Forni et al., 1999, 2000).”
On estimation of the noise variance in high dimensional probabilistic principal component analysis (2013, background): “In financial econometrics, it is commonly believed that the variations in a large number of economic variables can be modelled by a small number of reference variables (Forni et al., 2000; Bai and Ng, 2002; Bai, 2003).”