Fiber-taper seeded long-period grating pair as a highly sensitive refractive-index sensor

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Low-cost optical fiber refractive-index sensor based on core diameter mismatch (2006, background): “The maximum resolution of our sensors is higher than that of sensors based on core-exposed or tapered fibers [1]–[7] and similar to that of sensors based of FBGs, LPGs, or interferometers [8]–[22].”
Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors (2012, methodology): “In order to improve the sensitivity to RI, the method of fiber tapering has been applied to the separated region between two LPGs [49].”
Refractive Index Sensing With Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Based on Concatenating Two Single-Mode Fiber Tapers (2008, background): “259 nm) [14], which has 62-mm (including length of two LPGs) interaction length with solution.”
In-Line Abrupt Taper Optical Fiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometric Strain Sensor (2009, background): “To couple light from core to the cladding (or reverse), long-period grating (LPG) is normally selected as the coupling component [1]–[3].”
In-Line Single-Mode Optical Fiber Interferometric Refractive Index Sensors (2009, background): “Mach–Zehnder [3] and Michelson [4] interferometers have been constructed subsequently from LPG to further enhance measurement sensitivity.”
Single-Mode Fiber Refractive Index Sensor Based on Core-Offset Attenuators (2008, background): “259 nm) [3], which interacted with a solution over a length of 62 mm.”