Optical Angular Momentum

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Models of Wave-function Collapse, Underlying Theories, and Experimental Tests (2012, background): “Techniques which are typically summarized by the term optical tweezing include the broad fields investigating optical angular momentum (Allen et al., 2003), optimizing the trapping, levitating and guiding of single dielectric particles by optical gradient and scattering forces in various geometries…”
Orbital Angular Momentum in Radio—A System Study (2010, background): “In the optics literature dealing with OAM [20], it is shown that paraxial Laguerre–Gauss (LG) modes carry OAM and therefore have non–planar, rotating (helical) phase fronts.”
Roadmap on structured light (2016, background): “In addition to energy and linear momentum, electromagnetic (EM) fields can carry spin angular momentum (when circularly or elliptically polarized), and also orbital angular momentum (for example, in the presence of phase vorticity).(1-3) The classical theory of electrodynamics does not distinguish b”