A coupled Cellular Automaton–Lattice Boltzmann model for grain structure simulation during additive manufacturing

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Additive manufacturing of metallic components – Process, structure and properties (2018, background): “Some common AM examples are the 4000 series aluminum alloys (Al-Si) [310,387,440,441], and austenitic SS (304L and 316L) [312,357,360].”
Simulation of metal additive manufacturing microstructures using kinetic Monte Carlo (2017, background): “A number of these have included coupled cellular automata-finite element (CAFE) [20– 24] or Lattice Boltzmann-cellular automata approaches [25,26].”
Modeling of solidification microstructure evolution in laser powder bed fusion fabricated 316L stainless steel using combined computational fluid dynamics and cellular automata (2019, methodology): “Direct application on additive manufacturing process is recently reported [31-33], but a three-dimensional (3D) CA model with a realistic powder bed configuration is still absent.”
Microstructure modelling for metallic additive manufacturing: a review (2020, methodology): “LBM becomes comparatively more expensive when changing from 2D to 3D, withmost 2Dmodels being able to simulate multiple layers for a single track, a 3D model however, can simulate multiple tracks in a single layer (Körner, Bauereiß, and Attar 2013; Rai, Markl, and Körner 2016; Degenhardt 2017).”