The Effects of Interruptions on Task Performance, Annoyance, and Anxiety in the User Interface

By Brian P. Bailey, J. Konstan, J. Carlis. IFIP TC13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 2001

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The Need for Command and Control Instant Message Adaptive Interfaces: Lessons Learned from Tactical Tomahawk Human-in-the-Loop Simulations (2004, background): “Relevant to human supervisory control tasks under time pressure, computer-initiated interruptions cause a significant increase in primary task completion times ( Bailey, Konstan, & Carlis, 2000, 2001 ).”
Current practice in measuring usability: Challenges to usability studies and research (2006, methodology): “For many constructs measured in the studies reviewed, validated questionnaires are available: constructs such as anxiety (Bailey et al., 2001), presence (Sa¨llnas et al., 2001), and self-disclosure (Dahlba¨ck et al., 2001) were assessed with standardized questionnaires.”
If not now, when?: the effects of interruption at different moments within task execution (2004, methodology): “An attention manager attempts to identify opportune moments in a user’s task sequence for an interruption to occur [4].”