Taking Advantage of Disorder: Amorphous Calcium Carbonate and Its Roles in Biomineralization

By L. Addadi, S. Raz, S. Weiner. 2003

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Biological materials: Functional adaptations and bioinspired designs (2012, background): “Amorphous calcium carbonate is also found in some plants, sponges, sea urchins, mollusks and sea worms [142].”
An Overview of Biomineralization Processes and the Problem of the Vital Effect (2003, background): “Surprisingly, the transient forms of amorphous calcium carbonate do not contain water (Addadi et al. 2003).”
Overview of the amorphous precursor phase strategy in biomineralization (2009, background): “The local order of a few Angstroms or more can also exist in a prevailingly disordered material [ 13 ].”
Skeletal mineralogy in a high-CO2 world (2011, background): “There is growing evidence that many marine calcifiers produce amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) as a precursor to their crystalline calcite and/or aragonite shells and skeletons (e.g., Addadi et al., 2003; Beniash et al., 1997; Politi et al., 2004; Roer and Dillaman, 1984;Weiner et al., 2003).”
Carbonate and Phosphate Precipitation by Chromohalobacter marismortui (2006, background): “…ordering structures in relation to their stable counterparts are common facts in low-temperature inorganic carbonate precipitation (Deelman 2005), and even amorphous Ca-Mg phases are increasingly recognized as biomineralization products (Raz et al. 2000; Addadi et al. 2003; Politi et al. 2004).”