Interferon-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Synergize to Induce Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction by Up-Regulating Myosin Light Chain Kinase Expression

By Fengjun Wang, W. V. Graham, Yingmin Wang, Edwina D. Witkowski, Brad T. Schwarz, J. Turner. 2005

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Cell Biology of Tight Junction Barrier Regulation and Mucosal Disease (2018, background): “Unlike TNF, which induces barrier loss within only a few hours, IL-13 requires at least 16 hours (Clayburgh et al. 2005; Heller et al. 2005; Wang et al. 2005; Weber et al. 2010).”
Epithelial barriers in homeostasis and disease. (2010, background): “This finding explains conflicting results of in vitro studies examining the mechanisms by which TNF induces long MLCK expression (87, 88).”
Regulation of the intestinal barrier by nutrients: The role of tight junctions (2020, background): “These mediators impair the TJ barrier by downregulating TJ protein levels and upregulating MLCK (Al-Sadi & Ma, 2007; Suzuki, Yoshinaga, & Tanabe, 2011; Wang et al., 2005).”
Tight Junction Pore and Leak Pathways: A Dynamic Duo (2011, background): “EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein solutes (119, 123), consistent with regulation of the leak pathway (16).”
Intestinal Permeability Regulation by Tight Junction: Implication on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (2015, background): “67 In vitro and in vivo , transcription and translation of MLCK, the major effector responsible for TNF-α-induced TJ modulation, are increased by TNF-α.43,67,68 Other pro-inflammatory cytokines may also mediate barrier function through modulation of MLCK activity.”