Exposure of the U.S. Population to Bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-Octylphenol: 2003–2004
By A. Calafat, Xiaoyun Ye, L. Wong, J. Reidy, L. Needham. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2007
1,744 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Background Bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-tertiary-octylphenol (tOP) are industrial chemicals used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins (BPA) and nonionic surfactants (tOP). These products are in widespread use in the United States. Objectives We aimed to assess exposure to BPA and tOP in the U.S. general population. Methods We measured the total (free plus conjugated) urinary concentrations of BPA and tOP in 2,517 participants ≥ 6 years of age in the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey using automated solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution–high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Results BPA and tOP were detected in 92.6% and 57.4% of the persons, respectively. Least square geometric mean (LSGM) concentrations of BPA were significantly lower in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic blacks (p = 0.006) and non-Hispanic whites (p = 0.007); LSGM concentrations for non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites were not statistically different (p = 0.21). Females had statistically higher BPA LSGM concentrations than males (p = 0.043). Children had higher concentrations than adolescents (p < 0.001), who in turn had higher concentrations than adults (p = 0.003). LSGM concentrations were lowest for participants in the high household income category (> $45,000/year). Conclusions Urine concentrations of total BPA differed by race/ethnicity, age, sex, and household income. These first U.S. population representative concentration data for urinary BPA and tOP should help guide public health research priorities, including studies of exposure pathways, potential health effects, and risk assessment.
Subfields: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Pollution
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/083f586a7014667c16407684aa81690df2b95bec
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In Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
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Citations in the corpus
- Bisphenol A and human health: a review of the literature. (2013, background): “Further, because BPA exposure in humans is likely 4 continuous [10-12] long-term oxidative stress and inflammation, possibly induced by 5”
- Urinary, Circulating, and Tissue Biomonitoring Studies Indicate Widespread Exposure to Bisphenol A (2010, methodology): “Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with heart disease: evidence from NHANES 2003/06.”
- EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. (2015, background): “Due to its ubiquitous nature and continuous exposure, 93% of Americans have a measurable amount of BPA in their urine (7, 8).”