Identification of epiphyllous mycelial nets on leaves of grasses infected by clavicipitaceous endophytes.

By M. Moy, F. Belanger, R. Duncan, A. Freehoff, C. Leary, W. Meyer, R. Sullivan, J. White. 2000

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Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles. (2009, background): “Mycelium occurs in intercellular spaces of leaf sheaths, culms, and rhizomes, and may also be present, if sparsely, on the surface of leaf blades (White et al., 1996; Moy et al., 2000; Dugan et al., 2002; Tadych et al., 2007).”
Clavicipitaceous endophytes: Their ability to enhance resistance of grasses to multiple stresses (2008, background): “Alternatively, epiphyllous mycelial nets observed in some endophyte-grass associations may play a role in defense against pathogens by niche exclusion (Moy et al., 2000).”
Evolutionary Origins and Ecological Consequences of Endophyte Symbiosis with Grasses (2002, background): “Vertically transmitted endophytes may possess unobserved mechanisms for occasional contagious spread (Moy et al. 2000), which could obscure the predicted association between transmission mode and parasite virulence.”
Are endophytic fungi defensive plant mutualists (2002, background): “White et al. (1996, 2001) suggested this possibility based upon the observation of epiphyllous nets and conidia formation by Neotyphodium in the leaf surface tissues of some infected grasses (Moy et al. 2000).”