Effects of extrudate swell and nozzle geometry on fiber orientation in Fused Filament Fabrication nozzle flow

By B. Heller, Douglas E. Smith, D. Jack. 2016

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Deformation of an amorphous polymer during the fused-filament-fabrication method for additive manufacturing (2016, background): “swelling phenomenon is found the affect the alignment of extruded fibre suspensions [24].”
Fused Deposition Modelling of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Parametric Review (2021, methodology): “Hence, the fibre orientation could be estimated from the velocity and velocity gradient of the deposition using fibre orientation tensor [40,77,82].”
Numerical modeling of the strand deposition flow in extrusion-based additive manufacturing (2018, unknown): “[30] used CFD simulations of Newtonian isothermal fluid flows through axisymmetric extrusion nozzles to predict flow-induced fiber orientation of composite polymer inside the nozzle.”
Experimental validation of a numerical model for the strand shape in material extrusion additive manufacturing (2018, methodology): “[51] proposed a CFD numerical model to predict the effects of the nozzle geometry and the extrudate swell on the fiber orientation within a fiber-reinforced polymeric feedstock.”