Black hole's quantum N‐portrait

By G. Dvali, César Gómez. 2011

434 citations recorded by the source corpus.

We establish a quantum measure of classicality in the form of the occupation number, N, of gravitons in a gravitational field. This allows us to view classical background geometries as quantum Bose‐condensates with large occupation numbers of soft gravitons. We show that among all possible sources of a given physical length, N is maximized by the black hole and coincides with its entropy. The emerging quantum mechanical picture of a black hole is surprisingly simple and fully parameterized by N. The black hole is a leaky bound‐state in form of a cold Bose‐condensate of N weakly‐interacting soft gravitons of wave‐length √N times the Planck length and of quantum interaction strength 1/N. Such a bound‐state exists for an arbitrary N. This picture provides a simple quantum description of the phenomena of Hawking radiation, Bekenstein entropy as well as of non‐Wilsonian UV‐self‐completion of Einstein gravity. We show that Hawking radiation is nothing but a quantum depletion of the graviton Bose‐condensate, which despite the zero temperature of the condensate produces a thermal spectrum of temperature T = 1/(√N). The Bekenstein entropy originates from the exponentially growing with N number of quantum states. Finally, our quantum picture allows to understand classicalization of deep‐UV gravitational scattering as 2 → N transition. We point out some fundamental similarities between the black holes and solitons, such as a t'Hooft‐Polyakov monopole. Both objects represent Bose‐condensates of N soft bosons of wavelength √N and interaction strength 1/N. In short, the semi‐classical black hole physics is 1/N‐coupled large‐N quantum physics.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/07babeb3c8a4182b2cc3545dd287083d2831d48b

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Astronomy and Astrophysics

1. César Gómez
2. Cosimo Bambi
3. S. Vagnozzi
4. G. Dvali
5. S. Zell
6. Florian Kuhnel
7. S. Stieberger
8. Luca Visinelli

In Nuclear and High Energy Physics

1. César Gómez
2. Cosimo Bambi
3. S. Stieberger
4. S. Vagnozzi
5. G. Dvali
6. S. Zell
7. Florian Kuhnel
8. D. Lust

In Statistical and Nonlinear Physics

1. César Gómez
2. G. Dvali
3. Cosimo Bambi
4. S. Zell
5. S. Stieberger
6. Reinke Sven Isermann
7. D. Lust
8. K. Freese

Citations in the corpus

• Quantum compositeness of gravity: black holes, AdS and inflation (2013, methodology): “In particular, as suggested in [1, 2, 13, 38], it is natural to generalize compositeness approach to non-gravitational classical entities, such as solitons and other non-perturbative field configurations.”
• Testing the rotational nature of the supermassive object M87* from the circularity and size of its first image (2019, background): “Motivations for relatively large values of Rss/M have been provided in terms of the BH information paradox [48– 50], which seems to require new physics appearing at the gravitational radius of a system rather than at the Planck scale [51–54].”
• Testing the Kerr Black Hole Hypothesis Using X-Ray Reflection Spectroscopy (2016, background): “…field regime and a number of theoretical reasonings point to the possibility that the spacetime metric around these objects can present macroscopic deviations from the predictions of Einstein’s gravity(see, for instance, Dvali & Gomez 2013; Giddings & Psaltis 2018; CarballoRubio et al. 2020).”
• Quantum break-time of de Sitter (2017, background): “In particular, applications to cosmological solutions such as de Sitter and anti-de Sitter spaces were suggested already in [3] and were further discussed in [1, 5–8].”
• Black holeʼs 1/N hair (2012, background): “nite values of the parameters, the radiation is never exactly thermal with the corrections being only 1=N(equivalently 1=M2)-suppressed. The above is obvious from the quantum depletion law derived in [3]. This law reads, N_ = 1 p NL P + L 1 P O(N 3=2); (1) where dot stands for the time-derivative. T”
• Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter: Recent Developments (2020, background): “One motivation for this correspondence is Dvali & Gomez’s framework for black holes as graviton Bose-Einstein condensates [318].”
• Black Hole Formation and Classicalization in Ultra-Planckian 2 ! N Scattering (2014, background): “ollective states composed of a large number N˘s=M2 P of soft gravitons of wavelength R˘ p NL P [3] that, in the mean-eld approximation, recover the semi-classical behavior of macroscopic black holes [4]. To put it shortly, classicalization replaces the hard quanta by a multiplicity of soft ones, whi”
• Quantum exclusion of positive cosmological constant? (2014, methodology): “As it was suggested in [2], this equality is not a coincidence and entropy and other black hole properties indeed emerge from quantum criticality of the graviton condensate.”
• Testing black hole candidates with electromagnetic radiation (2015, background): “Indeed, there are some arguments suggesting that the critical scale at which classical predictions may break down is not at the Planck one, as expected in a collision between two particles, but at the gravitational radius of the system (Dvali & Gomez, 2013a,b; Giddings, 2014).”