Articular cartilage and subchondral bone in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis

By M. Goldring, S. Goldring. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2010

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Subchondral bone in osteoarthritis: insight into risk factors and microstructural changes (2013, background): “Stiffened and less pliable subchondral bone could transmit increased loads to overlying cartilage, leading to secondary cartilage damage and degeneration [11].”
The bone–cartilage unit in osteoarthritis (2011, background): “Articular chondrocytes increase the synthesis of matrix molecules but also contribute to their own destruction by synthesizing proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1 and tissue destructive enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and ADAMTs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinas”