Elevated CO2 and defoliation effects on a shortgrass steppe: Forage quality versus quantity for ruminants

By D. Milchunas, A. Mosier, J. Morgan, D. Lecain, J. King, J. Nelson. 2005

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Traits link drought resistance with herbivore defence and plant economics in semi‐arid grasslands: The central roles of phenology and leaf dry matter content (2020, background): “Cellulose and lignin are the least digestible components of leaf tissue, reducing leaf energy, leaf nutrient value and herbivore foraging efficiency (Hanley, 1982; Milchunas et al., 2005).”
Climate Change and Global Food Systems: Potential Impacts on Food Security and Undernutrition. (2017, background): “Higher CO2 conditions may also have competing effects on the protein that is available for grazing animals by shifting species compositions toward more protein-rich C3 plants (46) but also causing reductions in the protein content of those plants through altering carbon-to-nitrogen ratios (99).”