Development pathways for hillsides and highlands: some lessons from Central America and East Africa

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Conservation agriculture, organic marketing, and collective action in the Honduran hillsides (2010, background): “Breaking out of this “poverty trap” is commonly viewed as a key goal for agricultural and rural development efforts (Pender, 2004; World Bank, 2008).”
Poverty, sustainability, and household livelihood strategies in Zagros, Iran (2012, methodology): “The literature advises that the chosen time horizon for such surveys should be short rather than long, as people may more easily and reliably remember events that happened recently (Pender, 2004; Pender et al., 2004a).”
Economics of land degradation in Eastern Africa (2014, unknown): “Pender, 2004; Rademaekers et al., 2010; Lambin & Meyfroidt, 2010; Thierfelder et al., 2013; Kiage, 2013; Harris et al., 2014.”
Poverty, development, and environment (2010, background): “Nonfarm employment and improved wages in Honduras has also been associated with investments to improve cropland quality in Honduras and improved resource conditions in Uganda (Pender, 2004).”
An indicator framework for assessing livelihood resilience in the context of social–ecological dynamics (2014, background): “…has focussed on long-term shifts in livelihood strategies (Mortimore, 2003), livelihood pathways (Scoones and Wolmer, 2002), impacts of development interventions on livelihoods (Frost et al., 2007), long-term change in wellbeing (Ulrich et al., 2012) and future livelihood pathways (Pender, 2004).”