Arthropod cuticle: A natural composite shell system

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The crustacean exoskeleton as an example of a structurally and mechanically graded biological nanocomposite material (2005, background): “In particular, the contribution of the secondary-bond cross-linking of the non-crystalline protein matrix seems to be important in that context [4,44].”
Discovery of a honeycomb structure in the twisted plywood patterns of fibrous biological nanocomposite tissue (2005, background): “The second structural level is the arrangement of 18–25 polysaccharide molecular chains in the form of narrow and long crystalline units, which are wrapped by proteins, forming nanofibrils of about 2–5 nm diameter and about 300 nm length [13,14].”
Chitin and collagen as universal and alternative templates in biomineralization (2010, background): “The number of chitin chains in the nanofibril is probably close to a minimum for stability; hence, the chitin nanofibrils present an optimum surface area for interfacial interactions within corresponding structural formations (e.g. cuticles) (Vincent 2002).”
Hardness and elastic properties of dehydrated cuticle from the lobster Homarus americanus obtained by nanoindentation (2006, background): “In vivo, arthropod cuticles are always hydrated and the grade of hydration plays an important role in their mechanical properties since water is known to act as a plastifier in such materials.(17) Therefore, hardness and stiffness of lobster cuticle in its natural state are going to be lower than th”