The Digital Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Information Technology and Political Islam

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Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations From Tahrir Square (2012, background): “In the span of a decade, societies in which it had long been difficult to access information were transformed into massive social experiments fueled by an explosion in channels of information (Bailard, 2009; Howard, 2010).”
How Social Media Is Changing Conflict (2017, background): “These involve leaders and challengers seeking to coordinate mass behavior,4 or inhibit it, by controlling the narrative and manipulating the mass channels of communication (Bueno de Mesquita and Downs 2005; Howard 2010).”
Corrupting the Cyber-Commons: Social Media as a Tool of Autocratic Stability (2015, unknown): “7 Shirky 2009, Howard 2010, Diamond 2010.”
Can Structural Conditions Explain the Onset of Nonviolent Uprisings? (2017, background): “Access to technologies that facilitate coordination and communication between activists and the general population may help to overcome the coordination problems inherent in high-risk collective action (Olson 1965; Howard 2010).”