Rubber-Toughened Epoxies: A Critical Review

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Interlaminar toughening in structural carbon fiber/epoxy composites interleaved with carbon nanotube veils (2019, background): “There have been extensive efforts to improve interlaminar properties of structural composites, including strategies such as matrix toughening (rubber[6], thermoplastic[7] etc.”
Synthesis and Modifications of Epoxy Resins and Their Composites: A Review (2014, background): “Unnikrishnan and Thamos[89] and Bagheri et al.[90] have investigated that the mechanical properties are increased with the addition of nanosized rubber particles to the epoxy resins.”
Toughening of Epoxy Nanocomposites: Nano and Hybrid Effects (2016, background): “Rubber particles are well-known toughening agents for polymers, especially epoxy resins.107-111 Rubber modifiers are used in the forms of reactive oligomers (e.g., carboxyl terminated butadiene acrylonitrile CTBN, amine terminated butadiene acrylonitrile ATBN, etc.),17,107,108 preformed particles,17”
A Critical Review: The Modification, Properties, and Applications of Epoxy Resins (2013, background): “Rubber modification was introduced, as a major toughening approach to overcome the inherent brittleness of epoxy polymers, a large number of investigations have been conducted to elucidate different aspects of rubber-toughened epoxies([53]).”