On the Meaning of Alarm Calls: A Review of Functional Reference in Avian Alarm Calling

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Semantic communication in birds: evidence from field research over the past two decades (2016, background): “Over the past three decades, researchers have explored functionally referential communication in many animal taxa including non-human primates (Zuberbühler 2009; Manser 2013), ground-dwelling mammals (Townsend and Manser 2013), and birds (Gill and Bierema 2013).”
Communication about predator type by a bird using discrete, graded and combinatorial variation in alarm calls (2014, background): “Previous studies have shown that variation in the acoustic structure of alarm calls enables animals to convey information about the risk type or threat level of predators (Gill & Bierema, 2013; Zuberbühler, 2009).”
Bioacoustic monitoring of animal vocal behavior for conservation (2019, background): “Functionally referential alarm calls have been reported for several other primate and non-primate mammals (Townsend & Manser, 2013), as well as birds from several families (Gill & Bierema, 2013; Smith, 2017).”