Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus

By C. Porco, P. Helfenstein, P. Thomas, A. Ingersoll, J. Wisdom, Robert West, Gerhard Neukum, T. Denk, R. Wagner, T. Roatsch and 15 more. Science, 2006

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Ion and neutral sources and sinks within Saturn's inner magnetosphere: Cassini results (2008, background): “…moon Enceladus is highly active with plumes or jets of water vapor and condensed water (i.e., dust particles) emanating from its south polar region (Porco et al., 2006; Hansen et al., 2006; Waite et al., 2006; Tokar et al., 2006; Brown et al., 2006; Spencer et al., 2006; Spahn et al., 2006;…”
Enceladus's internal ocean and ice shell constrained from Cassini gravity, shape, and libration data (2016, background): “Since the discovery of a surprising plume activity at Enceladus’s South Pole [Porco et al., 2006; Hansen et al., 2006; Waite et al., 2006; Spencer et al., 2006], a series of geophysical evidence has hinted at the presence of a liquid water reservoir beneath the ice shell [Collins and Goodman, 2007; ”
Planetary habitability: lessons learned from terrestrial analogues (2014, neutral): “Jets of ﬁ ne icy particles and water vapour were observed emerging from the south polar terrain by the Cassini orbiter and are documented by Porco et al. (2006).”
Shapes of the saturnian icy satellites and their significance (2007, background): “Observation of ongoing activity (Porco et al., 2006; Spencer et al., 2006; Waite et al., 2006; Dougherty et al., 2006; Hansen et al., 2006) and the presence of a water-ice surface covering an object of mean density 1608 kg m−3 reinforce the likelihood of differentiation.”