Gender across languages : the linguistic representation of women and men

By M. Hellinger, Hadumod Bussmann, Heiko Motschenbacher. 2001

268 citations recorded by the source corpus.

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Citations in the corpus

Based on billions of words on the internet, people = men (2022, background): “For instance, it is common when referring to a person in general to use “he” but not “she” ( 27 ).”
Word embeddings quantify 100 years of gender and ethnic stereotypes (2017, background): “However, such studies primarily leverage human surveys (Williams and Best, 1977, 1990), dictionary and qualitative analysis (Henley, 1989), or in-depth knowledge of different languages (Hellinger and Bussmann, 2001).”
Stereotyping and Bias in the Flickr30K Dataset (2016, background): “2 Adjectives One well-studied example (Stahlberg et al., 2007; Romaine, 2001) is sexist language, where the sex of a person tends to be mentioned more frequently if their role or occupation is inconsistent with ‘traditional’ gender roles (e.g. female surgeon, male nurse ).”
Gender Bias in Machine Translation (2021, background): “To understand gender bias, we have to grasp not only the structure of different languages, but also how linguistic expressions are connoted, deployed, and perceived (Hellinger and Motschenbacher, 2015).”
Reducing a Male Bias in Language? Establishing the Efficiency of Three Different Gender-Fair Language Strategies (2018, background): “For example, the spoken Chinese pronoun t ā (meaning she, he or it) most often activates associations of men (Ettner 2002).”
Can Gender-Fair Language Reduce Gender Stereotyping and Discrimination? (2016, background): “Feminine forms, on the other hand, do not function generically but refer to women only (Hellinger and Bußmann, 2001).”