Effects of the charge characteristics of polycarboxylate superplasticizers on the adsorption and the retardation in cement pastes

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Retardation effect of styrene-acrylate copolymer latexes on cement hydration (2015, result): “This result is in good agreement with the literature [40], in which linear polymer as well as highly grafted polymer with carboxylate and sulfonate functionalities were investigated.”
Effect of PCE-type superplasticizer on early-age behaviour of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) (2017, background): “Generally, a larger retardation effect is probably resulted from a shorter side chain [26], higher concentrations of the carboxylic groups in the aqueous phase, higher adsorption amount of PCE on cement particle, and different charge characteristics of SP molecules ( COO > SO 3 > Nþ ) [29].”
Understanding the behaviour of graphene oxide in Portland cement paste (2018, methodology): “This reveals the rate-controlling step for PCE-alite hydra674 tion, which has already been the subject of some controversy [34, 45, 61, 62].”