A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies on major depression and BDNF levels: implications for the role of neuroplasticity in depression.

By A. Brunoni, Mariana Lopes, Felipe Fregni. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2008

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Blood BDNF concentrations reflect brain-tissue BDNF levels across species. (2011, result): “Indeed, both ELISA kits used in this study were capable of detecting pig BDNF in plasma and brain tissue, with plasma values comparable to the values seen in most human studies (Brunoni et al. 2008).”
A meta-analytic review of the effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (2014, result): “…tentative results raise the possibility that programs of exercise may help rescue the low resting BDNF levels often observed in depressed patients (Brunoni et al., 2008; Piccinni et al., 2008) and exercise produces effects in a similar range to those of antidepressants (d = 0.62 for…”
Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognitive Functioning and Wellbeing: Biological and Psychological Benefits (2018, background): “At the molecular level, motor activity causes Neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, gliogenesis (hippocampus, neocortex) [1] Angiogenesis (hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum) [2] Modulation in neurotransmission systems (e.g., serotonin, noradrenalin, acetylcholine) [3] Increased neurotrophic factors (e.g., ”