Bioenergetic perspectives on Neanderthal thermoregulatory and activity budgets

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Aspects of human physical and behavioural evolution during the last 1 million years (2019, background): “Instead, Churchill (2006) believes that given the high metabolic heat output and cultural buffering that was probably available to Neanderthals, the capacious chests of Neanderthals probably contributed comparatively little to their heat conservation.”
Energetic Competition Between Neandertals and Anatomically Modern Humans (2009, methodology): “Morphological indicators suggest the Neandertals were heavily muscled, which may have provided them with both a greater thermogenic capacity and greater insulation against the cold (Aiello and Wheeler 2003; Churchill 2006; Steegmann et al. 2002), and which was part of a close-range, confrontational ”