U.S. energy research and development: Declining investment, increasing need, and the feasibility of expansion

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CO2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US (2010, background): “As a result, the United States, once the world leader in renewable energy technologies and generation, now lags behind Europe and Japan in many respects (Martinot et al., 2005; Nemet and Kammen, 2007; The Times, 2009).”
Where does energy R&D come from? Examining crowding out from energy R&D (2012, background): “Using macroeconomic data, Nemet and Kammen (2007) find little evidence of crowding out from federal energy R&D spending.”
Evaluating the causes of cost reduction in photovoltaic modules (2018, unknown): “It is challenging to separate the effects of private and public R&D, though data suggests that private and public R &D expenditures have been similar in magnitude (McCrone et al., 2016, 2017; Nemet and Kammen, 2007).”
Climate Change Mitigation Options and Directed Technical Change: A Decentralized Equilibrium Analysis (2011, background): “In the United States, energy investments from the private sector have shrunk during the last decade; governmental funding currently represents 76% of total US energy R&D expenditures (Nemet and Kammen, 2007). extended for the CCS use.”