Factors affecting the rejection of organic solutes during NF/RO treatment--a literature review.

By C. Bellona, J. Drewes, P. Xu, Gary Amy. Water Research, 2004

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Polymer-matrix nanocomposite membranes for water treatment (2015, methodology): “Based on the solution–diffusion theory widely used to describe the mass transport in the PA TFC membrane [204,205], an increase in hydrophilicity of membranes could facilitate water solubilization and diffusion through the membrane, thus improve water permeability [206].”
Nanoparticles as Adsorbent; A Positive Approach for Removal of Noxious Metal Ions: A Review (2015, background): “…them to exhibit enhanced adsorptive properties (Ray, 2010; Zhang et al., 2013; Chen and Wang, 2006; Curran et al., 2006; Wang and Grady Jr., 1995; Bellona et al., 2004; Kwon et al., 2008; Bhatkhande et al., 2002; Hoffmann et al., 1995) and their length ranges from nanometers to millimeters with…”
A review on membrane fabrication: Structure, properties and performance relationship (2013, background): “Electrostatic interactions between charged solutes and a porous membrane have been frequently reported to be an important rejection mechanism [112,167–170].”