The role of grain boundaries on fatigue crack initiation - An energy approach

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The physics of fatigue crack initiation (2013, background): “Therefore, dislocations are likely to pile-up at twins resulting in strain localization and crack initiation [126,127].”
Crystal plasticity modelling and HR-DIC measurement of slip activation and strain localization in single and oligo-crystal Ni alloys under fatigue (2017, background): “A wide variation in microstructural features in differing material systems exists; for example, in the nickel alloys containing annealing twins, fatigue crack nucleation has been associated with twin boundaries [1,2,3,4].”
Slip band–grain boundary interactions in commercial-purity titanium (2014, background): “crack nucleation [6], and some other phenomena [7, 8].”
An analysis of (the lack of) slip transfer between near-cube oriented grains in pure Al (2019, background): “ies are often preferential locations for damage nucleation (Boehlert et al., 2012; Muñoz-Moreno et al., 2013) and that strain energy is often used as a metric to identify potential damage sites (e.g. Sangid et al., 2011; Musinki and McDowell, 2016; Wan et al. 2016; Cruzado et al., 2018; Chen et al, ”