SILK MEDIATED DEFENSE BY AN ORB WEB SPIDER AGAINST PREDATORY MUD-DAUBER WASPS

By T. Blackledge, J. Wenzel. 2001

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The Form and Function of Spider Orb Webs: Evolution from Silk to Ecosystems (2011, background): “…to microhabitat, changing the frequencies and sizes of decorations in response to light levels (Herberstein and Fleisch, 2003) and position in the vegetation (Blackledge and Wenzel, 2001; Blamires et al., 2007; Elgar et al., 1996), although the relationships often contrast from study to study.”
Condition-dependent spider web architecture in the western black widow, Latrodectus hesperus (2007, background): “…the webs spun by most spiders are better considered to be structural modifications of the spiders’ immediate environment that influence a variety of traits, in addition to prey acquisition, such as defence against predators or reproduction (Blackledge & Wenzel 2001a; Blackledge et al. 2003).”
Signalling conflict between prey and predator attraction (2001, background): “…the position of the spider at the hub (Hingston, 1927; Bristowe, 1941; Ewer, 1972; Eberhard, 1973, 1990; Tolbert, 1975; Edmunds & Edmunds, 1986; Schoener & Spiller, 1992), obscuring its shape (Edmunds, 1986; Blackledge & Wenzel, 2001), or making the spider appear larger (Schoener & Spiller, 1992).”
Are three-dimensional spider webs defensive adaptations? (2002, background): “D webs, rather than attacking spiders directly on flat orb webs or in retreats next to webs (e.g. Eberhard 1970; Blackledge & Wenzel 2001).”