Role of the ENSO–Indian Ocean coupling on ENSO variability in a coupled GCM

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Three-ocean interactions and climate variability: a review and perspective (2019, background): “Many studies have investigated the influence of the IOB on the Pacific (e.g., Watanabe and Jin 2002; Wu and Kirtman 2004; Annamalai et al. 2005; Kug et al. 2006; Xie et al. 2009, 2016; Du et al. 2009; Wu et al. 2009a, b, 2017; Li et al. 2017).”
Pantropical climate interactions (2019, background): “For example, decoupling the Atlantic Ocean in otherwise fully coupled models generally leads to a stronger ocean-atmosphere coupling strength in the equatorial Pacific, a shift to a lower ENSO frequency, and an increase in ENSO variance (10, 19, 39, 41, 42, 52, 53).”
Improved ensemble-mean forecasting of ENSO events by a zero-mean stochastic error model of an intermediate coupled model (2016, methodology): “Moreover, using the coupled models, the intrinsic El Niño–IOD interaction is also found to control the rapid transition to an opposite phase (Kug et al. 2006), and enchance the prediction skill of both of these climate modes (Luo et al. 2010).”