Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care.

By Alan A. Nelson. Journal of the National Medical Association, 2002

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Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans. (2007, background): “…as the federal government released the Healthy People 2000 and Healthy People 2010 objectives, the yearly National Health Care Disparities Report (USDHHS 2005), and reports from the Institute of Medicine on Unequal Burden (Haynes & Smedley1999) and Unequal Treatment (Smedley et al. 2003).”
Why cultural safety rather than cultural competency is required to achieve health equity: a literature review and recommended definition (2019, background): “The role of health providers and health systems in creating and maintaining these inequities is increasingly under investigation [2].”
Decolonial AI: Decolonial Theory as Sociotechnical Foresight in Artificial Intelligence (2020, methodology): “As a result, the deployed algorithm relied on the predictive utility of an individual’s health expenses (defined as total healthcare expenditure) indirectly leading to the rejection of African-American patients at a higher rate relative to white patients, denying care to patients in need, and exacer”
The Nature of Contemporary Prejudice: Insights from Aversive Racism (2009, background): “Son Hing et al. (2002) concluded that making people aware of their biases is particularly effective at reducing bias among people who explicitly endorse egalitarian principles while also possessing implicit biases – the factors that characterize aversive racists.”