Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children.

By F. Gilliland, Yu-fen Li, J. Peters. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2001

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Traffic, Susceptibility, and Childhood Asthma (2006, background): “exposure to tobacco smoke, which like fresh vehicular exhaust is a complex mixture of air pollutants, is more strongly associated with increased risk of subsequent asthma than exposure later in childhood (Gilliland et al. 2002; Gilliland et al. 2001).”
Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma (2007, unknown): “Several studies strongly suggest that maternal smoking during pregnancy results in harmful in utero exposure of the fetus and increases the risk of the child’s developing recurrent wheezing and asthma in the first 5 years of life (Agabiti et al. 1999; Gergen et al. 1998; Gilliland et al. 2001).”