A comprehensive review of nanofiltration membranes:Treatment, pretreatment, modelling, and atomic force microscopy

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Remediation of wastewater using various nano-materials (2016, background): “, 2012) the nano-filtration (NF) is extensively applied for treatment of wastewater in industries because of small pore sizes, low cost, high efficiency and user friendliness (Petrinic et al., 2007; Hilal et al., 2004; Babursah et al., 2006; Rashidi et al., 2015).”
Nanofiltration membranes and processes: A review of research trends over the past decade (2017, background): “Various aspects of NF membranes have been explored in a number of recent review papers [1-3], these include treatment, pre-treatment, modelling, atomic force microscopy, and some of the pitfalls of NF technology.”
Antifouling nanofiltration membranes for membrane bioreactors from self-assembling graft copolymers (2006, background): “A variety of constituents in water can lead to membrane fouling, including dissolved inorganic or organic compounds, colloids, bacteria and suspended solids [ 4 ].”
Reverse osmosis desalination: water sources, technology, and today's challenges. (2009, background): “, 2005), while NF membranes exhibit rejection values greater than 90% for multivalent ions and between 60 and 70% for monovalent ions (Choi et al., 2001; Hilal et al., 2004).”