Factors of Safety for Richardson Extrapolation

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Verification and validation of Large Eddy Simulation of attached cavitating flow around a Clark-Y hydrofoil (2019, methodology): “…developed for engineering applications including the grid onvergence index (GCI) ( Roache, 1998 ), correction factor method CF) ( Stern et al., 2001; Wilson et al., 2004 ), factor of safety (FS) Xing and Stern, 2010, 2011 ) and their variations ( Eça and Hoektra, 2014; Oberkampf and Roy, 2010 ).”
High-fidelity global optimization of shape design by dimensionality reduction, metamodels and deterministic particle swarm (2015, methodology): “Following the factor of safety method (Xing and Stern 2010), verification estimates the numerical uncertainty (USN ) as USN =√ U2I + U2G, where UI is the iterations uncertainty, and grid uncertainty UG is estimated from grid studies.”