The Microphysics of Ice and Precipitation Development in Tropical Cumulus Clouds

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Review of Aerosol–Cloud Interactions: Mechanisms, Significance, and Challenges (2016, background): “The recent field campaign measurements for cumulonimbus clouds over a tropical region suggested ice formation is mainly secondary, which is different from other types of clouds that primary ice nucleation dominates (Lawson et al. 2015).”
Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles (2017, background): “40% by number) to total INP concentration sampled (Levin et al. 2014; McCluskey et al. 2014).”
Secondary Ice Production: Current State of the Science and Recommendations for the Future (2016, unknown): “There are some suggestions that the SIP that occurs after the co-alescence process generates supercooled raindrops may take place too rapidly to be generated via H-M (Lawson et al. 2015).”
Cloud Ice Properties: In Situ Measurement Challenges (2017, background): “McFarquhar et al. (2013) distinguished quasi-spherical ice crystals from water droplets in CPI images acquired in Arctic mixed-phase clouds, Lawson et al. (2015) used CPI images to distinguish water droplets from ice particles in the size range of 30 to 500 m m in mixed-phase tropical cumulus…”
Revisiting ice nucleation from precipitation samples (2015, methodology): “In contrast, some observations note ice crystal concentrations exceeding 100 L 1 air in tropical summer marine [Lawson et al., 2015]”