Sigma: Issues, Insights, and Challenges

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Seismic Hazard Assessment: Issues and Alternatives (2011, methodology): “…standard deviation r is a key parameter that influences hazard calculation, and becomes a critical parameter at low annual probability of exceedance (10-4 or less) in particular (ABRAHAMSON and BOMMER, 2005; MCGUIRE et al., 2005; MUSSON, 2005; BOMMER and ABRAHAMSON, 2006; STRASSER et al., 2009).”
Repeatable Source, Site, and Path Effects on the Standard Deviation for Empirical Ground-Motion Prediction Models (2011, methodology): “A method for conducting nonergodic PSHA that includes spatially correlated logic trees is given by Walling (2009).”
The Variability of Ground-Motion Prediction Models and Its Components (2010, background): “The site-to-site and site amplification standard deviations are 2S Sφ and Ampφ , respectively; 2S Sφ represents site-to-site variability within a site class, while Ampφ represents unexplained variability in the site amplification at an individual site.”
Epistemic Uncertainties in Component Fragility Functions (2010, background): “Apparently random observations due to: unknown factors; known factors which are not modelled; and pragmatic simplifications of reality, are generally considered to be a result of aleatory uncertainties (Strasser et al. 2009).”