Large-Eddy Simulation of Coherent Turbulence Structures Associated with Scalar Ramps Over Plant Canopies

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Turbulence structure above a vegetation canopy (2009, methodology): “Earlier observations are summarized in Finnigan & Shaw (2000), while the more recent LES results of Fitzmaurice et al. (2004) and Watanabe (2004) confirm the picture (although Watanabe’s dynamical explanation of his results differs from that which we will propose in § 5).”
The Parallelized Large-Eddy Simulation Model (PALM) version 4.0 for atmospheric and oceanic flows: model formulation, recent developments, and future perspectives (2015, methodology): “33 and 27, respectively), using the gradient Richardson number:”
The influence of wall permeability on turbulent channel flow (2006, methodology): “The continuum approach has been used in a number of recent large-eddy simulation (LES) studies of flows over forests (e.g. Shaw & Schumann 1992; Dwyer, Patton & Shaw 1997; Watanabe 2004).”
Effects of canopy heterogeneity, seed abscission and inertia on wind‐driven dispersal kernels of tree seeds (2008, background): “Turbulence is characterized by coherent structures in the flow field (Raupach et al. 1996; Finnigan 2000; Watanabe 2004 ), which are generated near the canopy top by mechanical shear and/ or buoyancy.”
Large-Eddy Simulation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (2020, methodology): “Instead of conditionally sampling based on pressure, Watanabe (2004) used wavelet transforms to directly identify the scalar ramps.”