Dissolution of cellulose in aqueous NaOH/urea solution: role of urea

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Ioncell-F: A High-strength regenerated cellulose fibre (2015, methodology): “The dissolution of steam pretreated pulp in 9 wt% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and subsequent wet spinning to cellulose fibres in an aqueous sulphuric acid containing coagulation bath was demonstrated by Kamide et al. (Kamide et al. 1984; Yamashiki et al. 1992).”
Cellulose in NaOH–water based solvents: a review (2016, background): “The same authors (Xiong et al. 2014) report that urea has no “strong direct interaction” either with cellulose or with NaOH and suggest that urea “accumulate on the cellulose hydrophobic region”, thus preventing cellulose chain from agglomeration.”