The global electrical circuit: A review

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Physical bases of the generation of short-term earthquake precursors: A complex model of ionization-induced geophysical processes in the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere system (2015, background): “More detailed information about the GEC can be found in (Markson, 2007; Williams, 2009; Mareev, 2010; Rycroft et al., 2012).”
Ionospheric precursors of earthquakes and Global Electric Circuit (2014, background): “Recent years are characterized by intensification of research on the Global Electric Circuit (GEC) conception explaining the mechanism of generation of the vertical atmospheric electric field and creation of the potential difference between the ground and lower boundary of ionosphere (near 60 km alt”
Lightning Related Transient Luminous Events at High Altitude in the Earth’s Atmosphere: Phenomenology, Mechanisms and Effects (2012, background): “Although these events do not occur often (Williams 2009), their transient effects can be measurable (Fullekrug and Rycroft 2006; Rycroft and Odzimek 2010).”