CO2 Acquisition, Concentration and Fixation in Cyanobacteria and Algae

By M. Badger, M. Spalding. 2000

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Carbon Acquisition Mechanisms of Algae: Carbon Dioxide Diffusion and Carbon Dioxide Concentrating Mechanisms (2003, background): “It is now widely held that most algae, and all cyanobacteria, express inorganic carbon concen trating mechanisms (CCMs) when growing in their natural habitats (reviewed by Raven 1997a,b,c; Bad ger et al., 1998; Kaplan and Reinhold, 1999; Badger and Spalding, 2000 ).”
Growth, photosynthesis, and gene expression in Chlamydomonas over a range of CO2 concentrations and CO2/O2 ratios: CO2 regulates multiple acclimation states (2005, background): “The CCM includes active transport of CO2 and (or) HCO3 – at the cell and chloroplast membranes (energy supplied from photosynthesis), occurrence of a HCO3 – pool in the chloroplast stroma, and dehydration of that HCO3 – pool to concentrate CO2 at the site of Rubisco (Badger and Spalding 2000).”
Molecular mechanisms of photosynthesis (2002, background): “Microscopic analysis of the chloroplast enzyme indicates that it contains 14 c subunits in the Fo complex (Seelert et al., 2000), while it is 15 in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis (Pogoryelov et al., 2009).”