Observation of IMF and seasonal effects in the location of auroral substorm onset

By K. Liou, P. Newell, D. Sibeck, C. Meng, M. Brittnacher, G. Parks. 2001

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Energetic Particle Influence on the Earth’s Atmosphere (2015, background): “Auroral particles (electrons and ions) integral number flux, integral energy flux, and average energy are specified as a function of corrected geomagnetic latitude (CGL) and magnetic local time (MLT) for a range of magnetospheric conditions, parameterized by either geomagnetic index Kp or by Bz comp”
Substorm onset observations by IMAGE-FUV (2004, background): “[12] The averaged results for the substorm onsets confirm results of earlier studies, for instance with DE-1 [Craven and Frank, 1991], Viking [Henderson and Murphree, 1995], and Polar-UVI [Liou et al., 2001].”
Evaluation of SuperMAG auroral electrojet indices as indicators of substorms and auroral power (2011, methodology): “[2010] using the onset list of 4861 substorms identified by global imagers, consisting of 2424 onsets [Liou et al., 2001] from Polar UVI and 2437 onsets from IMAGE [Frey et al.”